George Orwells 1984 Essay -- George Orwell 1984 Nineteen Eighty-Four

George Orwell's 1984   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  War is Peace. Freedom is slavery. Ignorance is strength. These are the beliefs that the citizens of Oceania, in the novel titled 1984, written by George Orwell, live by. In this novel, Oceania, one of the three remaining world super powers, is a totalitarian, a society headed by 'Big Brother' and his regime, known as the ministries of Truth, Love, and Peace. A totalitarian government is defined as a government characterized by a political authority which exercises absolute and centralized control, and in which the state regulates every realm of life. This is the type of world that the citizens of Oceania must live in, ruled by fear and under force every day. The names of the different ministries for example, are quite ironic because the are actually the exact opposite of what they profess to be, the Ministry of Love torturing members of the party and so on. Historically, no such type of totalitarian society has ever been actually achieved. In the past, even though fascist and communist states have risen up and tried to achieve such a world, there has never been enough technology or a means by which a government could truly regulate every aspect of life, and thus there has been failure in every attempt at creating a truly totalitarian society. However, in this modern day, new technologies of every kind have made the possibility of such a society to arise a pending reality. Through things such as censorship of the media, new advances in spy technology, and the disintegration of the family in our world today, the world described by Orwell seems ever more a possibility. There are factors that exist in this book that pertain not only to the totalitarian regime of 1984, but apply directly to the democratic republic society in which United States citizens live today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To begin with, the ability of governments to censor media in the world today is a primary factor in the ability of a totalitarian regime to arise. In the society of Oceania, all of the citizens? thoughts and beliefs are fed to them directly from the government. All of the information about production figures, current wars, and other current events all are filtered and approved by the government. The people do not hear or know anything that the government does not want them to know. In addition, the citizens of Oceania take what they hear as absolute truth, never ... ... Party members devalued it in Oceania. Although there do remain many strong family units throughout the world today, the increasing rate at which family units are disintegrating, democratic society or not, could aid in giving rise to a totalitarian power.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In sum, the possibility of a totalitarian regime, like the one of Big Brother in 1984, seems more possible today than it ever has before. Many factors add to the possibility of such a thing happening, such as the censorship of media, new technology, and the disintegration of the family unit. These factors abound in every society today, regardless of being a democracy. The United States in particular, regardless of being one of the strongest powers in the world and a democratic republic, is not immune to these problems that would give rise to a totalitarian government. In the end, to prevent a totalitarian government from arising, it all comes down to the voice of the people, and that they need to be strong, and not let the government take over the powers that are rightfully theirs BIBLIOGRAPHY 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Orwell, George. 1984. Harcourt Brace Javonovich, Inc., 1949. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  www.wordreference.com/definition/totalitarian.

Play dough activity Essay

I DISCUSSED WITH MY MANAGER THAT I WAS GOING TO CARRY OUT A PLAY ACTIVITY. THE PROJECT I HAVE CHOSEN TO DO IS THE MAKING OF PLAY DOUGH. I HAVE CHOSEN THIS ACTIVITY BECAUSE I FEEL THIS IS A GREAT PASTIME AND A GREAT EXPERIENCE BETWEEN ME AND THE CHILDREN. I SAY THIS BECAUSE THE CHILDREN CAN ACTUALLY TAKE PART IN THE MAKING OF THE PRODUCT. I THINK THIS ACTIVITY WILL HELP THEM TO LEARN ABOUT COLOURS, SHAPES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. MY MANAGER CONFIRMED THE ACTIVITY AND SHE WAS REALLY PLEASED WITH IDEA AND SHE ALSO THOUGHT THIS WOULD BE A GREAT LEARNING EXPERIENCE FOR THE CHILDREN. I  ALREADY HAVE A RECIPE ON HOW TO DO PLAY DOUGH, BUT MY MANAGER CONFIRMED ONE MORE TIME ALL THE INGREDIENTS: FLOUR, FOOD COLOURING, SALT, OIL AND WATER. I MAKE THE PLAY DOUGH ACTIVITY WITH FOUR MONTESSORI CHILDREN. THE FIRST THING I DID IT WAS TO GET ALL MY MATERIALS READY: SMALL BASIN, LARGE SPOON, FLOUR, SALT, OIL, WATER, PAINT, SHAPE CUTTERS, ROLLING PIN. IN THIS ACTIVITY CHILDREN CAN DEVELOP MOTOR SKILLS -USING PLAY DOUGH HELPS A CHILD PRACTICE USING CERTAIN PHYSICAL SKILLS WITH THE HANDS WHEN THEY MANIPULATE THE DOUGH WITH THEIR FINGERS. CHILDREN CAN PRACTICE SKILLS SUCH AS PINCHING, SQUEEZING OR POKING WHILE THEY  PLAY WITH THE DOUGH. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT-USING PLAY DOUGH HELPS A CHILD PRACTICE USING IMAGINATION AND OTHER COGNITIVE ABILITIES SUCH IMITATION, SYMBOLISM AND PROBLEM SOLVING. THIS HELPS THE CHILD LEARN MORE ABOUT HIS ENVIRONMENT AS HE MAKES AND MIMICS EVERYDAY OBJECTS WITH THE PLAY DOUGH. EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT-USING PLAY DOUGH MAY HELP A CHILD TO CALM DOWN WHEN FRUSTRATED OR ANGRY. HOLDING AND SQUEEZING THE PLAY DOUGH CAN PRODUCE A CALMING EFFECT ON THE CHILD AND IS USEFUL FOR TEACHING ANGER MANAGEMENT SKILLS. ADDITIONALLY, CHILDREN MAY FEEL MORE COMFORTABLE EXPRESSING THEMSELVES  IN OTHER WAYS WHILE THEIR HANDS ARE BUSY. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT-USING PLAY DOUGH MAY HELP A CHILD DEVELOP SOCIAL SKILLS AS SHE PLAYS ALONG WITH OTHER CHILDREN WITH THE DOUGH. ADDITIONALLY, MAKING PLAY DOUGH IS AN OPPORTUNITY FOR A CHILD TO PRACTICE COOPERATION AND SHARING WITH A CAREGIVER. PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT. USING PLAY DOUGH MAY HELP A CHILD TO DEVELOP MOTOR SKILLS NEEDED FOR WRITING AND DRAWING. LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT. BECAUSE OF THE INTERACTIVE NATURE OF PLAY DOUGH USE, CHILDREN NEED TO LISTEN, UNDERSTAND THE COMMUNICATION OF OTHERS, SPEAK, AND  PRACTICE THEIR ORAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS AS THEY MOLD AND MANIPULATE THEIR PLAY DOUGH CONSTRUCTIONS. SCIENCE UNDERSTANDINGS. THE TACTILE EXPERIENCE OF MANIPULATING PLAY DOUGH HELPS CHILDREN DEVELOP A DEEPER UNDERSTANDING OF HOW MATTER CHANGES (PHYSICS) AND ENCOURAGES THEM TO USE SCIENTIFIC THINKING AS THEY OBSERVE CHANGES, MAKE PREDICTIONS, AND TALK THROUGH DIFFERENCES IN THE MATERIALS THEY ARE USING. MATHEMATICS CONCEPTS. MIXING UP A NEW BATCH OF PLAY DOUGH WITH ADULTS IS ONE WAY IN WHICH PLAY DOUGH ENGAGES CHILDREN IN MATHEMATICAL LEARNING AS THEY MEASURE AND COUNT RECIPE INGREDIENTS. DISCUSSIONS ABOUT SHAPE, RELATIVE SIZE (GREATER THAN, EQUAL TO, OR LESS THAN), HEIGHT, LENGTH, AND WEIGHT PROVIDE ADDITIONAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR CHILDREN TO DEVELOP MATHEMATICAL UNDERSTANDINGS. LITERACY LEARNING. WHEN PAPER AND WRITING UTENSILS ARE ADDED TO THE PLAY DOUGH AREA, CHILDREN CAN MAKE SIGNS, LABELS, AND CREATE STORIES RELATED TO THEIR PLAY EFFORTS. EXPLORING AND THINKING- CHILDREN USED THEIR SENSES, THEIR MINDS AND THEIR BODIES TO FIND OUT ABOUT AND MAKE SENSE OF WHAT THEY SEE. THEY USED THE IMAGINATION TO CREATE NEW SHAPE OR DIFFERENT MONSTERS FROM PLAY DOUGH; THEY  ARE IMITATING IN SPECIAL THE MOTHERS IN THE KITCHEN WHEN ARE COOKING; ARE MAKING GESTURES AS ADULTS ;ARE PLAYING AND TALKING ABOUT THE EXPERIENCE. IDENTITY AND BELONGINGS-CHILDREN BUILD RESPECTFUL RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHERS; THEY EXPRESS THEIR OWN IDEAS, PREFERENCES AND NEEDS, AND HAVE THESE RESPONDED TO WITH RESPECT AND CONSISTENCY; THEY FEEL THAT THEY HAVE A PLACE AND A RIGHT TO BELONG TO THE GROUP; WELL-BEING-IN THE PLAY ACTIVITY CHILDREN WERE HAPPY AND PLAYFUL; THEY WERE INTERACTING TO EACH OTHER; THE GROUP ACTIVITY MAKE THEM FEEL COMFORTABLE AND CONTENTS. COMMUNICATION-CHILDREN USED A RANGE OF BODY MOVEMENTS, FACIAL EXPRESSIONS, AND EARLY VOCALISATIONS TO SHOW FEELINGS AND SHARE INFORMATION; THEY INTERACT WITH OTHER CHILDREN BY LISTENING, DISCUSSING AND TAKING TURNS IN CONVERSATION; CHILDREN USED LANGUAGE WITH CONFIDENCE AND COMPETENCE FOR GIVING AND RECEIVING INFORMATION, THEY ASKED QUESTIONS AND REQUEST TOO. THROUGH THIS ACTIVITY I FOUND THE CHILDREN HAD GREAT FUN. CHILDREN WERE VERY EXCITED ABOUT THE FACT THAT THEY WERE GOING TO HELP ME MAKE THE PLAY DOUGH. THEY WERE FULL OF ALL DIFFERENT QUESTIONS. OVER ALL I FELT THE ACTIVITY WENT VERY WELL

Distinction between Business Intelligence, Knowledge Management, Sales Forecasting, Market Research, and Common Sense in Business

Distinction between Business Intelligence, Knowledge Management, Sales Forecasting, Market Research, and Common Sense in Business One of the most important tasks undertaken in the business world is that of decision-making. Majority of the decisions made in the modern marketplace are aimed at maximizing profitability within a firm. In order to gain sufficient understanding on the decisions to be undertaken, businesses rely on the information technology; indeed, knowledge management and business intelligence are some of the study areas spawned to aid in business decision-making (Anon, n.d).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Distinction between Business Intelligence, Knowledge Management, Sales Forecasting, Market Research, and Common Sense in Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Prior to designing the marketing plan, sales forecast are normally undertaken in order to determine the potential of the market; hence, numerous kind of information from various sources are used (Longenecker, et al, 2006, p.154). According to Hague (1996), market resea rch is undertaken in various kinds of markets where both the buyer and the seller come together for the sole purpose of exchanging and increasing value. In this case, the buyer benefits by gaining profits while the seller achieves satisfaction (Hague, 1996, p.4). It is suggested by O’Connell (2003) that, despite one having expertise, experience, skills, and smartness, one might be lacking common sense. This is proven by the fact that, despite having smart people around, many dumb activities are normally accounted for, which in the first place ought not to happen, as they require the use of common sense (O’Connell, 2003). Distinctive nature of business intelligence, knowledge management, sales forecasting, market research, and common sense in business The various concepts used in decision-making are mainly distinguished by their definitions, as well as activities and processes associated with each concept. Business intelligence has numerous definitions; for instance, it has been defined as a wide area of technology where data is gathered, stored, accessed, and analyzed for the sole purpose of aiding business users in making better decisions. In addition to this, business intelligence has also been defined as systems that provide a background data that has been directed together with tools of reporting in order to aid in the process of decision-making. According to Williams and Williams (2007), a decision process is a type of business processes. In addition to this, businesses and companies tend to use business intelligence to bring about consistency in decision making, emphasize on incorporation of business information and analytical technique into tactical decisions and strategic processes and increase accountability, transparency and traceability of main decisions (Williams and Williams, 2007, p.186) According to Bergeron, knowledge management is characterized as a strategy in a business that is optimized in order to identify, organize, and pack age information that is important to the business of the firm, thus improving competitiveness among corporations and increasing employee performance (Bergeron, 2003, p. 89).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From the definition, knowledge management is depicted as a way of introducing sense that results to a procedural management of intellectual assets and quality information for the sole purpose of providing a company with competitive advantage (Bergeron, 2003, p. 9). In spite of knowledge management being considered as an optimization strategy, its limits are not confined to one particular technology or a specific source of information. A key role played in knowledge management technology initiative results from the wide scope of information technologies (Bergeron, 2003, p. 9). In knowledge management practices, it is almost impossible for one to capture the belief s, behavior, and thoughts of the managers in the sense that one can provide quality information to another person (Bergeron, 2003, p. 8). The major differences between knowledge management business concept and business intelligence is brought about by the fact that in knowledge management, new knowledge is created and dispersed while in business intelligence there isn’t any dispersion or creation of knowledge. Sales forecasting according to Longenecker et al (2006) is defined as a prediction of the amount of product or service that can be purchased in a market for specific period. The market description should be defined accurately as it forms the prediction boundary (Longenecker, et al, 2006, p.154). In the construction of a business plan, the time has to be identified as short term or long term, as sales forecast implies on a specified period. In the assessing of the feasibility of a new venture, sales forecast is considered one of the essential components. Moreover, the sa les forecast is also useful in personnel decisions, inventory policies, and production schedules. Sale forecast is considered as a multi-step process mainly because it is a composite of various individual forecasts that have been merged accordingly. The forecasting process is categorized in two major dimensions 1) the starting point of a process 2) the nature used in predicting the variable (Longenecker, et al, 2006, p.156). Market research is normally applied in markets where the sellers and buyers come together to increase value and exchange. The nature of the market determines the techniques and approach to be used by the market researcher. Some of the techniques used in market research include qualitative technique that investigate the complex consumer perception and quantitative technique whose basis is formed on rigorous sampling (Hague, 1996, p.4).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Distinction between Business Intelligence, Knowledge Management, Sales Forecasting, Market Research, and Common Sense in Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Resources to be used are of outmost importance for the collection of valid data especially in the consumer market research (Hague, 1996, p.5). Information technology has had a great impact in the data processing sector of the market research. In addition to this, information technology is now finding its way in the data collection sector of the marketing research (Hague, 1996, p.12). Market research is hence applied in order to identify a business opportunity, problem identification, and commercial risks to be identified (Hague, 1996, p.14). In its application, market research aids in establishing a need for a service or product, assist in new product marketing and improve already existing product (Hague, 1996, p.14). In establishment of a new product a lot of expectations should not be expected as it offers an understanding of the surroundings upon w hich the new product will be sold and nothing more (Hague, 1996, p.18) In businesses, common sense is vital; this is because overly complicated regulations have become problematic. In order for the markets to work, O’Connell suggests that simplification of institutions should be encouraged together with innovative programs that promote existing systems that are formal (O’Connell,2003, p.6). In the business environs, the proposal, problem or solution should be written down and if you result in a complex idea, you might be heading in the wrong direction and hence one should retract the initial steps used in order to arrive at a simple direction. Lateral thinking has also been emphasized as the way the mind works and should be learned and implemented. In lateral learning, old ideas are done away with and new ones are generated by recognizing the wisdom gained from old ideas and searching for alternative ways (O’Connell, 2003, p.6). Conclusion Differences between th e various concepts used in decision-making are subtle and only minimal distinctions results can be noted due to similarity in their processes. Some of these concepts of the business studies are ascertained by the various existing business firms that provide them. These firms sell their decision support services to executives who make the decisions and implement them by way of manipulation so as to create reports to, show trends or even predict future events. Sale forecasting concept entails a specific period of time in which certain amount of products and services will have been purchased. It is a critical process especially while undertaking a new venture. The period in sale forecasting will be either short term or long term.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In market research, there is no prediction but contrarily actual data is collected in order to ascertain the difficulties, risks, and opportunities facing a particular market in question. The techniques used in data collection of marketing research can be either qualitative or quantitative depending on the data to be collected. Common sense in business simplifies the complex situations encountered in businesses. Common sense is not very common; this can be depicted by the way different people tackle and solve various problems. While tackling a problem basic steps are to be followed and on resulting into a complex idea, the steps earlier followed are to be retracted to arrive on a simple and a less complex idea. In knowledge management, creation and dispersion of new knowledge is significant as compared to business intelligence where the creation and dispersion of knowledge is lacking. References Anon. (N.d). Business Intelligence and Knowledge Management Differences. Web. Bergeron, B.P. (2003). Essentials of knowledge management. NJ: John Wiley and Sons. Hague, P.N. (1996). Market research: a guide to planning, methodology, evaluation. London: Kogan Page. Longenecker, J.G, et al. (2006). Small business management: an entrepreneurial emphasis. OH: Cengage Learning. O’Connell, E. (2003). The competitive advantage of common sense: using the power you already have. NJ: FT Press. Williams, S. and Williams, N. (2007). The profit impact of business intelligence. Oxford: Morgan Kaufmann.

Stock Market and Genentech Essay

Stock Market and Genentech Essay Stock Market and Genentech Essay Case Study 1. Why is Roche seeking to acquire the 44% of Genentech it does not own? From Roche’s point of view, what are the advantages of owning 100% of Genentech? What are the risks? Roche already had 56% of shares of Genentech and now it seeks to acquire rest of the 44% shares so as to get the benefits of synergies. The pharmaceutical companies have been unable to introduce new products lately, and their only way to remain profitable is by mergers and acquisitions. Roche also used this method. Acquisition will help the firm compete in the market and thus will help it grow. Advantages of owning 100% of Genentech’s shares: The merger will lead to formation of the world’s largest biotechnology company. Value of total benefit from synergies will be $5billion. This will be a result of M&D, manufacturing, development and administrative costs reduction. Complete ownership will give the company complete access to technology and R&D projects. It will also give the company access to its cash amounting to $9.5billion, which can also be used to make payment for debt raised for acquisition. The company can also create a contract allowing it to distribute Genentech’s best selling drugs. Risks of owning 100% of Genentech’s shares: The acquired company’s minority shareholders are mostly its employees. The company’s culture is like a family environment where all the employees work in cohesion. Acquisition may destroy this culture. The culture of Genentech will have to be matched and combined with the culture of Roche. This may create problems for the human resources which may even lead to high employee turnover. There is a chance that the company pays higher than the premium required for the benefits of synergies. Such a situation may lead to drop in the prices of Roche’s shares. For the deal, Roche has to borrow around $30 billion. The ongoing financial crisis could make the debt financing even more difficult to obtain as well as more expensive. The contract gives Roche the right to sell Genentech on non US markets, but only till 2015. After that the company faces a high risk of losing the right. Genentech’s cancer drug, Avastin, may not be successfully tested and may be banned from sale. This risk of loss of revenue will also have to be borne by the company. New competitors may come with competing best selling drugs, which will again lead to a risk of reduction in growth prospects. 2. As a majority shareholder of Genentech, what responsibilities does Roche have to the minority shareholders? The affiliation agreement signed in 1999 stated the obligations to minority shareholders, which are as follows: Board approval is sufficient in case of a friendly bid. Roche can buy all shares for same price When the takeover is hostile, in which Roche would get at least 90% of shares and would hold them for at least 2 months, it will squeeze out the existing shareholders and will merge the company. It is an optional measure and not a necessary one, as per Delaware law. As explained earlier, minority shareholders are majorly the employees of the company. It is Roche’s duty to explain the benefits of merger to them and retain them. 3. As of June 2008, what is the value of the synergies Roche anticipates from a merger with Genentech? Assess the value of synergies per share of Genentech. Please use a 9% weighted average cost of capital in your analysis. Synergies are given in an exhibit. Value of synergies: WACC 9% 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 and thereafter FCF $138.05 $362.36 $436.47 $475.58 $488.81 Terminal Value $5,431.22 Discounted $3,529.92 Shares 1052 NPV $1,423.28 Shares to buy 463 Total value $4,953.21 Value per share $10.70 2013 cash flows are treated as a perpetuity (ignoring 2% long term growth rate). 4. Based on DCF valuation techniques, what range of values is reasonable for Genentech as a stand-alone company in June 2008? Please exclude synergies from your valuation and

Reading Log #11 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reading Log #11 - Assignment Example coli bacteria when the food is not well prepared. Second, despite the health risks posed by the fast food industry, they still dominate the market. This fact is made possible majorly by the reluctance of the federal government to effectively put a stop to the production of fast foods. History bears record that the federal government did make business friendly policies that smoothened the running of the fast food industry. These policies at some point posed a threat to the safety of workers in the business. Republican faction in the congress also thwarted effort is to do away with the unhealthy fast food industry. Also since it the production of fast foods is less expensive, they tend to be cheaper than the organic foods granting them a broad market among the low class members in the society. Finally, in order to counter the widespread consumption of the fast foods, concerted efforts must be made by both the individuals and the federal government. Congress should immediately impose a ban on advertisements aimed at children to promote foods high in fat and sugar. It should also pass tougher food safety laws, protect American workers from serious harm and fight against dangerous concentration of economic power. The individual before making a decision to make a purchase of any unhealthy food should think critically and make rational judgement concerning the origin of the food, processing and final production. Individuals should also make efforts to produce their own healthy organic

S Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

S - Essay Example However, others deem otherwise. The super accumulation of profits by MNEs made them so powerful, to push shifts in the development strategies of governments and international institutions, specifically, international financial institutions (IFIs). Whichever way shows direct inter-relationship between these international organisations and the international business. It is this relationship that concerns this paper. Believing that the main reasons for the two succeeding world wars were due to national economic disparities and trade conflict, and that unrestricted fair trade would bring about equal opportunity for the economic development of nation-states thereby eliminating the reasons for war (Hull, 1948, p. 81), developed nations concurred to John Maynard Keynes’ neo-liberal model of development: a liberal international economic system coupled with government intervention (Stewart, 1987, p. 465). The necessity of an international body to regulate international trade and international business was acknowledged – without a high degree of economic cooperation among powerful nations economic conflict will certainly recur that most likely will heighten into a fiercer military war. (Polard, 1985, p. 8) Within these premises, the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, more known as the Bretton Woods Conference, held on July1-22, 1944 and attended by 730 delegates from 44 allied nations (Halm, 1945, p. 5; ‘Bretton Woods Conference’ 2007, p. 7057), agreed to establish the IMF and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) known today as the World Bank (WB) to preclude similar depression experienced in 1930: â€Å"massive unemployment, escalating tariffs, and collapsing commodity prices† (Stewart, 1987, p. 465). Specifically, the IMF was a mutual agreement of the member countries to ensure the stability of currencies by circumventing protective exchange practices and to provide pre-conditioned

Bar built estuaries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Bar built estuaries - Essay Example An example for this is the East Matagorda Bay. Bar-built estuaries are also found in The Netherlands. Estuaries found in North Carolina are also the examples of bar-built estuaries; for example Albemarle Sound and Pamlico Sound. Bar-built estuaries are semi-isolated from ocean waters through the barrier beaches found between estuaries and oceans. Barrier spits and barrier islands are located between estuaries and oceans. As barrier beaches get formed they partially encircle the estuary allowing only small inlets to allow contacts between estuaries and ocean waters. Bar-built estuaries usually get formed over gently sloping plains placed along tectonically stable boundaries of marginal sea coasts and continents. The barrier beaches that encircle bar-built estuaries are formed in numerous ways. Wave action causes the formation of offshore bars. Here, the sand from the seafloor gets accumulated in extended bars parallel to the shoreline. This forms barrier beaches. Reformation of sediment discharge from rivers through current, wave, and wind action causes the formation of barrier beaches. Mainland beach ridges get engulfed because of the rise in sea level. This led to the breaking of the ridges and flooding of the coastal lowlands. Shallow lagoons get formed as a result. This contributes to the formation of barrier beaches. Extension of barrier spits through the erosion of headlands also form barrier beaches. Barrier beaches get created in shallow water. They are mostly parallel to the shoreline. This leads to the formation of long narrow estuaries. Water depth of these estuaries is between 5 m and 10 m. Barnegat Bay, New Jersey, Pamlico Sound, North Carolina and Laguna Madre, Texas are some of the examples of bar-built estuaries. Scientists have made use of variety of criteria to classify estuaries. Previously they used to classify estuaries based on the rate of fresh water, evaporation.